A litany of scandals in recent years have made the corruption of college sports constant front-page news. We profess outrage each time we learn that yet another student-athlete has been taking money under the table. But the real scandal is the very structure of college sports, wherein student-athletes generate billions of dollars for universities and private companies while earning nothing for themselves. Here, a leading civil-rights historian makes the case for paying college athletes—and reveals how a spate of lawsuits working their way through the courts could destroy the NCAA. Vaccaro’s audience, the members of the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics, bristled.

1. Wells County Sports And Outdoors: Athletics Announces Television Schedule
2. Wells County Sports And Outdoors: Athletics Announces Television Center
3. Wells County Sports And Outdoors: Athletics Announces Television Series

Wells County Sports And Outdoors: Athletics Announces Television Schedule

These were eminent reformers—among them the president of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, two former heads of the U.S. Olympic Committee, and several university presidents and chancellors. The Knight Foundation, a nonprofit that takes an interest in college athletics as part of its concern with civic life, had tasked them with saving college sports from runaway commercialism as embodied by the likes of Vaccaro, who, since signing his pioneering shoe contract with Michael Jordan in 1984, had built sponsorship empires successively at Nike, Adidas, and Reebok. Not all the members could hide their scorn for the “sneaker pimp” of schoolyard hustle, who boasted of writing checks for millions to everybody in higher education. But what Vaccaro said in 2001 was true then, and it’s true now: corporations offer money so they can profit from the glory of college athletes, and the universities grab it.

In 2010, despite the faltering economy, a single college athletic league, the football-crazed Southeastern Conference (SEC), became the first to crack the billion-dollar barrier in athletic receipts. The Big Ten pursued closely at $905 million. That money comes from a combination of ticket sales, concession sales, merchandise, licensing fees, and other sources—but the great bulk of it comes from television contracts. Video: Taylor Branch describes how his research for this piece woke him up to the NCAA’s injustice (part 1 of 3) Educators are in thrall to their athletic departments because of these television riches and because they respect the political furies that can burst from a locker room. “There’s fear,” Friday told me when I visited him on the University of North Carolina campus in Chapel Hill last fall.

As we spoke, two giant construction cranes towered nearby over the university’s Kenan Stadium, working on the latest $77 million renovation. (The University of Michigan spent almost four times that much to expand its Big House.) Friday insisted that for the networks, paying huge sums to universities was a bargain. “We do every little thing for them,” he said. “We furnish the theater, the actors, the lights, the music, and the audience for a drama measured neatly in time slots. They bring the camera and turn it on.” Friday, a weathered idealist at 91, laments the control universities have ceded in pursuit of this money.

If television wants to broadcast football from here on a Thursday night, he said, “we shut down the university at 3 o’clock to accommodate the crowds.” He longed for a campus identity more centered in an academic mission. The United States is the only country in the world that hosts big-time sports at institutions of higher learning. This should not, in and of itself, be controversial. College athletics are rooted in the classical ideal of Mens sana in corpore sano—a sound mind in a sound body—and who would argue with that? College sports are deeply inscribed in the culture of our nation. Half a million young men and women play competitive intercollegiate sports each year.

Millions of spectators flock into football stadiums each Saturday in the fall, and tens of millions more watch on television. The March Madness basketball tournament each spring has become a major national event, with upwards of 80 million watching it on television and talking about the games around the office water cooler. ESPN has spawned ESPNU, a channel dedicated to college sports, and Fox Sports and other cable outlets are developing channels exclusively to cover sports from specific regions or divisions.

With so many people paying for tickets and watching on television, college sports has become Very Big Business. According to various reports, the football teams at Texas, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, and Penn State—to name just a few big-revenue football schools—each earn between $40 million and $80 million in profits a year, even after paying coaches multimillion-dollar salaries. When you combine so much money with such high, almost tribal, stakes—football boosters are famously rabid in their zeal to have their alma mater win—corruption is likely to follow. Scandal after scandal has rocked college sports.

In 2010, the NCAA sanctioned the University of Southern California after determining that star running back Reggie Bush and his family had received “improper benefits” while he played for the Trojans. (Among other charges, Bush and members of his family were alleged to have received free airfare and limousine rides, a car, and a rent-free home in San Diego, from sports agents who wanted Bush as a client.) The Bowl Championship Series stripped USC of its 2004 national title, and Bush returned the Heisman Trophy he had won in 2005. Last fall, as Auburn University football stormed its way to an undefeated season and a national championship, the team’s star quarterback, Cam Newton, was dogged by allegations that his father had used a recruiter to solicit up to $180,000 from Mississippi State in exchange for his son’s matriculation there after junior college in 2010.

Jim Tressel, the highly successful head football coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes, resigned last spring after the NCAA alleged he had feigned ignorance of rules violations by players on his team. At least 28 players over the course of the previous nine seasons, according to Sports Illustrated, had traded autographs, jerseys, and other team memorabilia in exchange for tattoos or cash at a tattoo parlor in Columbus, in violation of NCAA rules.

Late this summer, Yahoo Sports reported that the NCAA was investigating allegations that a University of Miami booster had given millions of dollars in illicit cash and services to more than 70 Hurricanes football players over eight years. Video: Taylor Branch uses a religious analogy to explain what’s wrong with college athletics (part 2 of 3) Don Curtis, a UNC trustee, told me that impoverished football players cannot afford movie tickets or bus fare home.

Curtis is a rarity among those in higher education today, in that he dares to violate the signal taboo: “I think we should pay these guys something.” Fans and educators alike recoil from this proposal as though from original sin. Amateurism is the whole point, they say. Paid athletes would destroy the integrity and appeal of college sports. Many former college athletes object that money would have spoiled the sanctity of the bond they enjoyed with their teammates. I, too, once shuddered instinctively at the notion of paid college athletes. But after an inquiry that took me into locker rooms and ivory towers across the country, I have come to believe that sentiment blinds us to what’s before our eyes. Big-time college sports are fully commercialized.

Billions of dollars flow through them each year. The NCAA makes money, and enables universities and corporations to make money, from the unpaid labor of young athletes. Slavery analogies should be used carefully. College athletes are not slaves.

Yet to survey the scene—corporations and universities enriching themselves on the backs of uncompensated young men, whose status as “student-athletes” deprives them of the right to due process guaranteed by the Constitution—is to catch an unmistakable whiff of the plantation. Perhaps a more apt metaphor is colonialism: college sports, as overseen by the NCAA, is a system imposed by well-meaning paternalists and rationalized with hoary sentiments about caring for the well-being of the colonized. But it is, nonetheless, unjust. The NCAA, in its zealous defense of bogus principles, sometimes destroys the dreams of innocent young athletes. Founding Myths From the start, amateurism in college sports has been honored more often in principle than in fact; the NCAA was built of a mixture of noble and venal impulses. In the late 19th century, intellectuals believed that the sporting arena simulated an impending age of Darwinian struggle.

Because the United States did not hold a global empire like England’s, leaders warned of national softness once railroads conquered the last continental frontier. As though heeding this warning, ingenious students turned variations on rugby into a toughening agent. Today a plaque in New Brunswick, New Jersey, commemorates the first college game, on November 6, 1869, when Rutgers beat Princeton 6–4. Walter Camp graduated from Yale in 1880 so intoxicated by the sport that he devoted his life to it without pay, becoming “the father of American football.” He persuaded other schools to reduce the chaos on the field by trimming each side from 15 players to 11, and it was his idea to paint measuring lines on the field. He conceived functional designations for players, coining terms such as quarterback.

His game remained violent by design. Crawlers could push the ball forward beneath piles of flying elbows without pause until they cried “Down!” in submission. In an 1892 game against its archrival, Yale, the Harvard football team was the first to deploy a “flying wedge,” based on Napoleon’s surprise concentrations of military force. In an editorial calling for the abolition of the play, The New York Times described it as “half a ton of bone and muscle coming into collision with a man weighing 160 or 170 pounds,” noting that surgeons often had to be called onto the field.

Three years later, the continuing mayhem prompted the Harvard faculty to take the first of two votes to abolish football. Charles Eliot, the university’s president, brought up other concerns. “Deaths and injuries are not the strongest argument against football,” declared Eliot. “That cheating and brutality are profitable is the main evil.” Still, Harvard football persisted. In 1903, fervent alumni built Harvard Stadium with zero college funds.

The team’s first paid head coach, Bill Reid, started in 1905 at nearly twice the average salary for a full professor. A newspaper story from that year, illustrated with the Grim Reaper laughing on a goalpost, counted 25 college players killed during football season. A fairy-tale version of the founding of the NCAA holds that President Theodore Roosevelt, upset by a photograph of a bloodied Swarthmore College player, vowed to civilize or destroy football. The real story is that Roosevelt maneuvered shrewdly to preserve the sport—and give a boost to his beloved Harvard. After McClure’s magazine published a story on corrupt teams with phantom students, a muckraker exposed Walter Camp’s $100,000 slush fund at Yale. In response to mounting outrage, Roosevelt summoned leaders from Harvard, Princeton, and Yale to the White House, where Camp parried mounting criticism and conceded nothing irresponsible in the college football rules he’d established.

At Roosevelt’s behest, the three schools issued a public statement that college sports must reform to survive, and representatives from 68 colleges founded a new organization that would soon be called the National Collegiate Athletic Association. A Haverford College official was confirmed as secretary but then promptly resigned in favor of Bill Reid, the new Harvard coach, who instituted new rules that benefited Harvard’s playing style at the expense of Yale’s. At a stroke, Roosevelt saved football and dethroned Yale. For nearly 50 years, the NCAA, with no real authority and no staff to speak of, enshrined amateur ideals that it was helpless to enforce.

(Not until 1939 did it gain the power even to mandate helmets.) In 1929, the Carnegie Foundation made headlines with a report, “American College Athletics,” which concluded that the scramble for players had “reached the proportions of nationwide commerce.” Of the 112 schools surveyed, 81 flouted NCAA recommendations with inducements to students ranging from open payrolls and disguised booster funds to no-show jobs at movie studios. Fans ignored the uproar, and two-thirds of the colleges mentioned told The New York Times that they planned no changes. In 1939, freshman players at the University of Pittsburgh went on strike because they were getting paid less than their upperclassman teammates. Embarrassed, the NCAA in 1948 enacted a “Sanity Code,” which was supposed to prohibit all concealed and indirect benefits for college athletes; any money for athletes was to be limited to transparent scholarships awarded solely on financial need.

Schools that violated this code would be expelled from NCAA membership and thus exiled from competitive sports. The Big Bluff In 1951, the NCAA seized upon a serendipitous set of events to gain control of intercollegiate sports. First, the organization hired a young college dropout named Walter Byers as executive director. A journalist who was not yet 30 years old, he was an appropriately inauspicious choice for the vaguely defined new post.

He wore cowboy boots and a toupee. He shunned personal contact, obsessed over details, and proved himself a bureaucratic master of pervasive, anonymous intimidation. Although discharged from the Army during World War II for defective vision, Byers was able to see an opportunity in two contemporaneous scandals. In one, the tiny College of William and Mary, aspiring to challenge football powers Oklahoma and Ohio State, was found to be counterfeiting grades to keep conspicuously pampered players eligible.

In the other, a basketball point-shaving conspiracy (in which gamblers paid players to perform poorly) had spread from five New York colleges to the University of Kentucky, the reigning national champion, generating tabloid “perp” photos of gangsters and handcuffed basketball players. The scandals posed a crisis of credibility for collegiate athletics, and nothing in the NCAA’s feeble record would have led anyone to expect real reform. But Byers managed to impanel a small infractions board to set penalties without waiting for a full convention of NCAA schools, which would have been inclined toward forgiveness. Then he lobbied a University of Kentucky dean—A. Kirwan, a former football coach and future university president—not to contest the NCAA’s dubious legal position (the association had no actual authority to penalize the university), pleading that college sports must do something to restore public support.

His gambit succeeded when Kirwan reluctantly accepted a landmark precedent: the Kentucky basketball team would be suspended for the entire 1952–53 season. Its legendary coach, Adolph Rupp, fumed for a year in limbo. The Kentucky case created an aura of centralized command for an NCAA office that barely existed. At the same time, a colossal misperception gave Byers leverage to mine gold.

Amazingly in retrospect, most colleges and marketing experts considered the advent of television a dire threat to sports. Studies found that broadcasts reduced live attendance, and therefore gate receipts, because some customers preferred to watch at home for free. Nobody could yet imagine the revenue bonanza that television represented. With clunky new TV sets proliferating, the 1951 NCAA convention voted 161–7 to outlaw televised games except for a specific few licensed by the NCAA staff. All but two schools quickly complied.

The University of Pennsylvania and Notre Dame protested the order to break contracts for home-game television broadcasts, claiming the right to make their own decisions. Byers objected that such exceptions would invite disaster.

The conflict escalated. Byers brandished penalties for games televised without approval. Penn contemplated seeking antitrust protection through the courts.

Byers issued a contamination notice, informing any opponent scheduled to play Penn that it would be punished for showing up to compete. In effect, Byers mobilized the college world to isolate the two holdouts in what one sportswriter later called “the Big Bluff.” Byers won. Penn folded in part because its president, the perennial White House contender Harold Stassen, wanted to mend relations with fellow schools in the emerging Ivy League, which would be formalized in 1954.

When Notre Dame also surrendered, Byers conducted exclusive negotiations with the new television networks on behalf of every college team. Joe Rauh Jr., a prominent civil-rights attorney, helped him devise a rationing system to permit only 11 broadcasts a year—the fabled Game of the Week. Byers and Rauh selected a few teams for television exposure, excluding the rest.

On June 6, 1952, NBC signed a one-year deal to pay the NCAA $1.14 million for a carefully restricted football package. Byers routed all contractual proceeds through his office. He floated the idea that, to fund an NCAA infrastructure, his organization should take a 60 percent cut; he accepted 12 percent that season. (For later contracts, as the size of television revenues grew exponentially, he backed down to 5 percent.) Proceeds from the first NBC contract were enough to rent an NCAA headquarters, in Kansas City.

Availability Satellite Channel 159 Channel 220 (SD/HD) Channel 1220 (VOD) Cable Available on most cable systems Channel slots vary on each provider Channel 640 (SD) Channel 1640 (HD) NBCSN Channel 90 (SD) Channel 590 (HD) NBCSN is an American that is owned by the division of. It originally launched on July 1, 1995, as the Outdoor Life Network (OLN), which was dedicated to programming primarily involving fishing, hunting, outdoor adventure programs, and outdoor sports. By the turn of the 21st century, OLN became better known for its extensive coverage of the but eventually began covering more 'mainstream' sporting events, resulting in its relaunch as Versus in September 2006. In 2011, the original owner of the network, acquired a majority stake in NBC Universal. As a result, Comcast merged the operations of its pay channels with those of NBC. In particular, it aligned the operation of its sports channels with 's sports division,. On January 2, 2012, Versus was rebranded as the NBC Sports Network (on-air branding later shortened to NBCSN) to reflect these changes.

As of September 15, 2014, the majority of NBC Sports' operations, including NBCSN, is based in facilities in. As of February 2015, NBCSN is available to approximately 81,578,000 pay television households (70.1% of households with television) in the United States. Contents. History As the Outdoor Life Network The channel originally launched as the Outdoor Life Network (or OLN) on July 1, 1995; the name was licensed from magazine. Its programming consisted of hunting, fishing, and outdoor adventure shows. In its early days, the channel reached around one million homes and found most of its carriage via the then-infant platforms of services. In 1999, OLN acquired the U.S.

Broadcast rights to the for US$3 million. Coverage of the Tour on OLN brought substantially greater viewership to the then fledgling channel, due in part to the then-growing popularity of American rider.

In, where Armstrong would aim for a record-breaking sixth straight Tour de France title, OLN would devote over 344 hours in July to coverage of the Tour, along with documentaries and other original programming surrounding the event – which was promoted through a $20 million advertising campaign. Overall, while its coverage of the Tour de France helped OLN expand its carriage to over 60 million homes, critics became concerned that OLN's coverage had placed too much of its focus on Armstrong as its main attraction for viewers, and doubted if OLN could sustain itself without the viewership that Lance Armstrong's presence had brought to its coverage.

Some critics had jokingly referred to OLN as the 'Only Lance Network' due to its overemphasis on the American rider. Following the Tour (where Armstrong captured his seventh victory in the race, and announced his retirement from cycling afterward), OLN debuted a new lineup of programming – anchored by repeats of the popular. OLN's executives believed that bringing Survivor into its lineup would fit well with the new direction it had planned for OLN, and could attract viewership from fans of the show who had watched it on. Around the same period, OLN also acquired the rights to the, the, and the. OLN planned to cover these multi-day events in a similar style to how it covered the Tour, hoping that its coverage might bring 'surprise' results for the channel.

Due in part to Lance's absence from the Tour in 2006, its ratings for live coverage of the first four stages of the race drew in 49% fewer viewers than previous years. OLN and the NHL.

OLN interview with after him winning the Criterion in 2005 In May 2005, rejected a $60 million offer to renew its with the into the, and the league rejected its alternate proposal for a revenue sharing agreement similar to the one it had established with. With the also shopping a to potential broadcasters, speculation began to surface that Comcast would bid on the new NHL contract as its first step to transforming OLN into a mainstream sports channel that could compete with ESPN.

Comcast had already been involved in NHL broadcasting; at the time, it owned majority control of the, and four. In August 2005, ESPN declined to match Comcast's offer, and OLN acquired pay television rights to the NHL beginning in the 2005–2006 season in a three-year deal worth close to $200 million. The new deal would include 58 regular season games on Monday and Tuesday nights, coverage of the, conference finals, and the first two games of the. With the help of its new NHL package, by June 2006, OLN had now reached 75 million subscribers.

Wells County Sports And Outdoors: Athletics Announces Television Center

However, due in part to OLN's lesser carriage in comparison to ESPN, the NHL's ratings that season had suffered in comparison. In 2006, OLN broadcast selected games in the 's. The channel televised a weekly regular-season game for 11 weeks as well as a wild card playoff game. However, the agreement was not renewed and was later picked up by, who also acquired a minority stake in the league's ownership. As Versus.

In April 2006, Comcast announced that it would be renaming Outdoor Life Network to Versus in the fall of 2006. As the network had shifted beyond simply 'outdoor' programming, the name 'Versus' was intended to represent the common element of competition within its lineup. OLN's re-launch as Versus occurred on September 25, 2006.

Among the new programming acquired by Versus was a number of, beginning with a series of programs promoted by 's Top Rank group. The channel also began televising 's, a promotion where fights are contested in a unique round ring without ropes. Versus entered into a partnership with (WEC) to bring events to the channel, with the first being broadcast live on June 3, 2007. Versus aired all the WEC events, except for, which aired on pay-per-view, with live preliminary fights being aired on. The channel also added a variety of sports events as part of the rebranding, including men's and women's college basketball, high school basketball, a weekly 'game of the week' for the, darts competitions, the, and the, one of the nine tournaments (then eight) that make up the, the top annual circuit in the version of. In addition, Versus also added a package of to its lineup, with games from the, (now Pac-12) and conferences.

Totaling 19 scheduled college football games on the channel during 2007. Versus secured coverage for the, which had been a staple on ESPN and ESPN2 for years. The channel began to show qualifying regattas in late 2005, aired the for challengers in 2007, and the America's Cup match between the Louis Vuitton winner and current champions, won by of in. In 2006, it picked up American broadcast rights (in conjunction with ) of events.

Versus, with and the World Championship Sports Network (now ), broadcast coverage of the from Osaka, Japan, as well as the from Berlin, Germany. On January 28, 2008, Versus and the NHL extended their television contract through the 2010–11 season. In June 2008, operations were moved from, to Comcast's headquarters in. On August 7, 2008, the channel announced a 10-year deal with the to broadcast at least 13 events a year in HD, beginning in 2009.

The channel would also broadcast various motorsports series on its Lucas Oil Motorsports Hour program such as, the,. The channel aired the, the championship game of the in 2008. The channel began airing games from the in 2009. The first season Championship aired on November 27, 2009. The UFL would return to the channel for a second season in 2010.

On April 5, 2010, Versus debuted The Daily Line, a show consisting of a four-person panel (host, handicapper, comedian, and ) who discussed, often with heavy satire, sports-related topics that were popular that day. However, the show was cancelled due to low viewership on November 4, 2010.

The Ultimate Fighting Championship would air two live events on the channel due to the new contract agreement with UFC sister promotion World Extreme Cagefighting. The first edition of UFC on Versus aired on March 21, 2010 headlined by vs. In the Light Heavyweight division. The second event aired on August 1 with facing.

Also as part of the agreement with the UFC, several UFC Countdown shows would air. A countdown show aired the week of a event, usually lasting for one hour, and covering 2–3 of the biggest fights on the card. In August 2011, the UFC announced a new broadcasting deal with the channels of rival, which would begin to take effect in November 2011. Versus had also struck a deal with the NBA to air 10 regular season Saturday night games, as well as six playoff games a year. In total, the channel would air 16 NBA Development League games, in addition to 25 hours of NBA specials. Starting in August 2010, Versus aired nine races of the and NASCAR each Wednesday at 7 p.m. The races originated from a variety of locations, including, Tri-County Speedway, and Thompson Motor Speedway.

Merger with NBC Sports In February 2011, Comcast acquired a majority stake in, and merged its content operations into the company. As part of the acquisition, Versus and Comcast's other sports channels began to be integrated into the division.

Coinciding with the merger, President Jamie Davis was replaced by Comcast Sports Group president Jon Litner. Litner began to oversee the channel, in addition to his other duties following the Comcast takeover. In March 2011, Versus expanded its college football coverage by becoming the pay-TV partner for of, airing replays of Notre Dame games, and the first ever live broadcast of the team's annual spring game. Its coverage began with a marathon of three classic Fighting Irish games on, to serve as a prelude to its coverage of the spring game. For the 2011 season, Versus also returned to airing telecasts with a nine-game package, starting with the and culminating with the final. Versus would drop the NLL for the league's; U.S.

Broadcast rights were instead picked up. Relaunch as the NBC Sports Network / NBCSN.

The logo using the full “NBC Sports Network” name, used from 2012 to just before the. In April 2011, NBC Sports and Versus announced they had reached a ten-year extension to their television contract with the National Hockey League worth nearly $2 billion over the life of the contract. As part of the announcement, the former chairman of NBC Sports, said that Versus would be renamed 'within 90 days' in order to reflect the synergy resulting from the merger. However, the announcement of a new name did not come until August 1, 2011, when Comcast announced that Versus would be relaunched as the NBC Sports Network on January 1, 2012. The relaunch coincided with NBC's coverage of the, which took place on the same day. In an interview with, president of programming Jon Miller detailed that NBC Sports Network would be 'radically different' from Versus in many ways. His goal was for NBC Sports Network to become a credible 'full-service sports network', with a new lineup of sports news and talk programs, and live event coverage.

Programming such as and were dropped from the lineup, as Miller thought that programming would hurt the channel's credibility. The channel began an initiative to begin producing new original programming during the transition as well. NBC also made efforts to expand its current broadcasting relationships and acquire new rights for additional sports events to be broadcast on the channel. In the months leading up to the relaunch, NBC struck deals with, dropped the, and added coverage of games. On June 6, 2011, it was revealed that NBC Sports would extend its rights to the through 2020, outbidding competing bids by Fox Sports and in a $4.38 billion contract.

The network began to participate in NBC's overall coverage beginning at the. Its coverage of the gold medal game between the United States and Japan in set a new viewership record for the network, with 4.35 million viewers. Almost immediately after the rebrand, the shortened moniker 'NBCSN' began to be used in TV listings to refer to the network. In July 2013, the network announced its intention to use this abbreviation on an official basis. On August 18, 2013, commentators and graphics began to refer to the network as 'NBCSN'.

The change was made to help streamline its branding in preparation for the, by which time the name change was mostly complete. On September 22, 2013, NBCSN broadcast an episode of Under Wild Skies—a program aired as a by the —in which host and NRA lobbyist Tony Makris was shown killing an on a trip to. The network was criticized by the media for airing such material; while NBC responded by pulling the episode due to its 'objectionable' content and stating that it would be more 'aggressive' towards the content of future episodes of the program, Under Wild Skies was pulled from the network entirely after Makris made remarks on an NRA-produced webcast comparing critics of the show to. As of September 15, 2014, the entirety of NBC Sports' operations, including NBCSN, is based out of facilities in.

Remained at (but originated from Studio 8H, home of NBC's ) until September 7, 2014, when that program also moved to Stamford. NBCSN simulcast two matches of the from Spanish-language rights holder and corporate sibling: vs. On June 17, and vs. Notable personalities Announcers, reporters and hosts.

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Wells County Sports And Outdoors: Athletics Announces Television Series

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